PI Training Publications

Psychology beats business training when it comes to entrepreneurship The Economist, September 2017

Teaching personal initiative beats traditional business training in boosting small business in West Africa. Campos, F., Frese, M., Goldstein, M., Iacovone, L., Johnson, H., McKenzie, D., Mensmann, M. (2017). Science, 357, 1287-1290.

Psychological training for entrepreneurs to take action: Contributing to poverty reduction in developing countries. Frese, M., Gielnik, M. M., & Mensmann, M. (2016). Current Directions in Psychological Science, 25(3), 196-202.

Increasing personal initiative in small business managers or owners leads to entrepreneurial success: A theory-based controlled randomized field intervention for evidence-based management. Glaub, M., Frese, M., Fischer, S., Hoppe, M. (2014). Academy of Management Learning and Education, 13, 354-379.

Innovation is not enough: Climates for initiative and psychological safety, process innovations, and firm performance. Baer, M., & Frese, M. (2003). Journal of Organizational Behavior, 24, 45-68.

Goals need implementation intentions: The model of action phases tested in the applied setting of continuing education. Brandstaetter, V., Heimbeck, D., Malzacher, J. T., & Frese, M. (2003). European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 12, 37-59.

Climate for personal initiative and radical and incremental innovation in firms: A validation study. Fischer, S., Frese, M., Mertins, J. C., Hardt, J. V., Flock, T., Schauder, J., et al. (2014). Journal of Enterprising Culture, 22, 91-109.

Towards a psychology of entrepreneurship: An action theory perspective. Frese, M. (2009). Foundations and Trends in Entrepreneurship, 5, 435–494.

Personal Initiative (PI): A concept for work in the 21st century. Frese, M., & Fay, D. (2001). Research in Organizational Behavior, 23, 133-188.

The psychology of entrepreneurship. Frese, M., & Gielnik, M.M. (2014). Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 1, 413-438.

Personal initiative training for small business owners. Frese, M., Hass, L., & Friedrich, C. (2016). Journal of Business Venturing Insights, 5, 27-36.

Sociodemographic factors, entrepreneurial orientation, personal initiative, and environmental problems in Uganda. Koop, S., De Reu, T., & Frese, M. (2000). In M. Frese (Ed.), Success and failure of microbusiness owners in Africa: A psychological approach (pp. 55-76). Westport, Ct.: Quorum.

Business Owners’ Action Planning and Its Relationship to Business Success in Three African Countries. Frese, M., Krauss, S., Keith, N., Escher, S., Grabarkiewicz, R., Luneng, S. T., et al. (2007). Journal of Applied Psychology, 92, 1481-1498.

Creativity in the opportunity identification process and the moderating effect of diverse information. Gielnik, M. M., Frese, M., Graf, J. M., & Kampschulte, A. (2012). Creativity in the opportunity identification process and the moderating effect of diversity of information. Journal of business venturing, 27(5), 559-576.

Antecedents of business opportunity identification and innovation: Investigating the interplay of information processing and information acquisition. Gielnik, M. M., Krämer, A.-C., Kappel, B., & Frese, M. (2014). Applied Psychology: An International Review, 63, 344-381.

Action and action-regulation in entrepreneurship: Evaluating a student training for promoting entrepreneurship. Gielnik, M. M., Frese, M., Kahara-Kawuki, A., Katono, I. W., Kyejjusa, S., Munene, J., et al. (2015). Academy of Management Learning & Education, 14, 69–94.

Cultural differences in planning – success relationships: A comparison of small enterprises in Ireland, West Germany, and East Germany. Rauch, A., Frese, M., & Sonnentag, S. (2000). Journal of Small Business Management, 38(4), 28-41.

Unpacking the personal initiative – performance relationship: A multi-group analysis of innovation by Ugandan rural and urban entrepreneurs. Rooks, G., Sserwanga, A., & Frese, M. (2016). Applied Psychology: An International Review, 65, 99-131.