Martin Developing a never-give-up-attitude Nansana is a busy town but we had to walk a long distance to have lunch. I got funds from my sister and some friends and opened up a restaurant. I made good money that I could use to set up a second business. Martin had been thinking about becoming an entrepreneur for his whole life because he could not imagine being satisfied with becoming “the employee of the month”. However, he had never tried to become self-employed because he feared that he lacked the practical skills. He explained that he had some knowledge in entrepreneurship but did not know how to put it into practice and, hence, never started a business. Asked about the most important learning experiences, Martin said that the training taught him how to plan and execute the start-up of a business, how to develop financial plans, and how to manage finances. After the training, Martin started a restaurant in a town near the capital of Uganda, recognizing a lack of restaurants in the local market. Martin identified the business idea of a restaurant during the STEP training, in which he sold fresh juice together with the other members of the start-up team. He opened the restaurant about eight months after the training. When we met him 18 months after the training, he managed his restaurant successfully and made about 380 USD sales per month. He employed five persons, two full-time employees, and three part-time employees. In addition to the restaurant, Martin started a boutique that sold clothes and shoes for women and children 15 months after the training. The business was located in his parents’ home village some hours away from Kampala. Martin also identified the opportunity to start a company supplying construction materials but because of the high capital requirements, he was not yet able to start operations. Martin mentioned that despite the high amount of starting capital, he would not give up on that business opportunity. After some time Martin faced sudden setbacks and difficult challenges. Four years after the training, he mentioned that he had also opened up a small hotel. His workload from managing several businesses at the same time had been very high. Furthermore, the hotel incurred losses and Martin lost a high amount of money. Despite the fact that he had diligently planned the different steps to start and run the businesses, he had to close the hotel. He explained that the training was a crucial factor in deciding to continue with entrepreneurship because STEP gave him the determination and courage to do so. After the training, his most important principle became “never give up”. This determination and persistence resulted in new businesses and in employment opportunities that he created for himself and other people. Martin had to close one business but was able to continue running his other businesses. He wanted to use the profits to create new businesses that start small and grow over time. Martin persisted in his entrepreneurial ventures and became a successful serial entrepreneur. Success Story of Pascal Success Story of Msafiri info@doorways-training.org +49 4134 9099726 Wiesenweg 2 21406 Barnstedt Home Doorways About Us Our Projects Success Stories Clients and Partners Contact STEP STEP Impact STEP Projects STEP Success Stories STEP Publications PI PI Impact PI Projects PI Success Stories PI Publications Blog FAQs Support Us © 2023 Doorways gGmbH. All Rights Reserved Terms of Use Imprint +49 4134 9099726 info@doorways-training.org Wiesenweg 2 21406 Barnstedt

PI Training for Adolescent Girls and Young Women NIGER CLIENT: THE WORLD BANK ​ Description of project: Personal Initiative Training will be tested for adolescent girls and young women who are part of the economic empowerment component of the SWEDD (Sahel Women’s Empowerment and Demographic Dividend) project. For the purpose of the impact evaluation (RCT) 2,000 adolescent girls and young women will be selected. Among these, 1,000 will be randomly assigned to receive the Personal Initiative Training and the other 1,000 will be randomly assigned to not receive any training. ​ Doorways co-founder Benjamin Scharweit was responsible for the implementation of the project as a member of Leuphana University. STEP Sustainability PI-Ag Training

Privacy Policy ​ ​ 1. An overview of data protection ​ General The following gives a simple overview of what happens to your personal information when you visit our website. Personal information is any data with which you could be personally identified. Detailed information on the subject of data protection can be found in our privacy policy found below. ​ Data collection on our website Who is responsible for the data collection on this website? ‍The data collected on this website are processed by the website operator. The operator’s contact details can be found in the website’s required legal notice. ​ How do we collect your data? Some data are collected when you provide it to us. This could, for example, be data you enter on a contact form. Other data are collected automatically by our IT systems when you visit the website. These data are primarily technical data such as the browser and operating system you are using or when you accessed the page. 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Pascal Filling a market gap Pascal Mshanga has 3 advises for new business owners: First, be passionate about what you do. Second, know the industry you are going to enter. And third, make your business unique. Pascal Mshanga is 25 years old and currently studies Bachelor of Law at the University of Dar Es Salaam (Tanzania). In 2015 he participated in the STEP training, by now he owns a restaurant. His restaurant is named Pweza Café; pweza is the Swahili word for octopus. The name derives from the kind of food he is offering: he sells seafood like local fish and the eponymous octopus which he gets from the fish market in town. The idea was born one day when he walked around with his friends after work, looking for seafood. Suddenly he realized that in this area there was no restaurant offering such food, hence he decided to open up a seafood restaurant. Before he actually started the business, he shared the idea with some of his friends. He asked the ones who are business owners themselves, to get professional feedback and different points of view on the subject. Since his friends supported him in his intention, he decided to take the risk. He started with doing market research, looked for a suitable location and made detailed plans. When starting his business, several challenges emerged. There were bureaucratic aspects like getting the demanded licenses and financial issues such as getting starting capital and coming up with money for renovation expenses as well as the rent fee. But due to his determination and the support by friends and colleagues from the university he did not give up and finally opened his very own seafood restaurant in December 2015. His customers enjoy well prepared seafood in a classy atmosphere, entertained by radio or TV. If they are not able to stay they can even order take away food or make use of the delivery service. By 2015, Pascal made about 154$ sales per month, payed himself a salary of 68$ and had one full-time employee. One of the challenges he is still facing is the time management aspect as he is still studying at university besides being a business owner. That is why he has to split his time carefully to ensure that his studies as well as the restaurant get the needed amount of attention. The STEP training helped him a lot in solving this problem as well as many other problems. For instance, the STEP training made him understand the key business aspects such as marketing, accounting and book keeping. Furthermore, he was taught how to conduct a market research prior to the establishment of a business. But the most important thing he learned is to take a risk. And that is exactly what he did. Successfully. Therefore, his future plan is to expand his business to other parts of the country to reach a wider population. If he could give three advices to someone who wants to start a new business his advices would be the following: First, you have to be passionate. Don’t start a business just because of the profit but love what you do. Second, you have to understand the industry you want to work in. Knowing the industry and the dynamics involved is vital. Third, you have to think of something which makes your business unique. You should carefully analyze the market, particularly your potential competitors. Only then you can develop new marketing styles to top everyone else. Success Story of Dennis Success Story of Martin info@doorways-training.org +49 4134 9099726 Wiesenweg 2 21406 Barnstedt Home Doorways About Us Our Projects Success Stories Clients and Partners Contact STEP STEP Impact STEP Projects STEP Success Stories STEP Publications PI PI Impact PI Projects PI Success Stories PI Publications Blog FAQs Support Us © 2023 Doorways gGmbH. All Rights Reserved Terms of Use Imprint +49 4134 9099726 info@doorways-training.org Wiesenweg 2 21406 Barnstedt

PI Training for Entrepreneurs ZAMBIA CLIENT: AGOVA / MENTOR ME ​ Description of project: We trained local trainers from two local NGOs in preparation for a roll-out of the Personal Initiative (PI) Training in Zambia. Both organizations aim to support entrepreneurs and facilitate MSME growth to attain sustainable development outcomes. One NGO implemented the PI Training immediately as part of the USAID Zambia Enterprise Development and Growth Enhanced (EDGE) Activity. Trading Support and PI Training PI Training in Tajikistan

Content Development for PI-Ag Training AFRICA CLIENT: FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS (FAO) ​ Description of project: Together with FAO and MIT Bootcamps we developed a Personal Initiative Agripreneurship (PI-Ag) Training that combines the value chain approach with entrepreneurship best practices and PI Training. The course was delivered online and had over 2 300 applicants from 34 countries, most of which came from Ghana, Kenya, Nigeria and Uganda. In total, 620 agripreneurs finished more than 57 percent of the training materials. The course was tested using a randomized control group design and showed that it has significant effects on entrepreneurial self-efficacy, entrepreneurial planning and entrepreneurial actions in the short run. PI Training for Adolescent Girls PI Training in the Philippines

PI TRAINING Concept Personal Initiative (PI) means being self-starting, future-thinking, and overcoming barriers. It is a psychological construct which can be developed by changing people’s mindset. PI Training is based on action regulation theory (Frese & Zapf, 1994) which holds that actions are affected by goals, a search for relevant information, plans, and obtaining feedback. The training follows an interactive, action-oriented methodology that allows participants to learn by doing and to immediately apply the content to their own business. A distinguishing element of PI Training is that it is based on scientific evidence. This means that consolidated findings from psychological and entrepreneurship research are translated into so-called action principles. Action principles are rules of thumb that guide entrepreneurs to show (more) Personal Initiative in a very practical and easy-to-grasp manner. With PI Training, goal-setting, searching for information, planning, and feedback is related to each of the three components of Personal Initiative. For example, goals should have a unique component (self-starting) and should be long-term (future-thinking). Back-up plans ensure that entrepreneurs can keep on working toward their goals in spite of obstacles. PI Training combines a top-down (teaching action principles) with a bottom-up approach (learning through action and by making errors). Case studies as well as individual and group activities enable entrepreneurs to apply a proactive mindset to their own businesses already during the training. Moreover, the important role of negative feedback is emphasized because it provides valuable information on how entrepreneurs can improve their businesses. PI Training therefore encourages participants to provide both positive and negative feedback to each other’s ideas, goals, and plans. A good example of how PI Training differs from other entrepreneurship and management trainings is its perspective on sourcing finances for a business project. In the “traditional” training program, participants learn how to keep financial records, they get to know lending products offered at banks, and they learn what is needed to apply for loans. In PI Training, entrepreneurs are taught how to identify and make use of unusual sources of money (self-starting) and how to bootstrap so that they do not rely on external funding in the long run (future-thinking). They also learn to develop a plan B or even plan C in order to be prepared if financial problems occur (overcoming barriers). In short, PI Training rather teaches entrepreneurs how to fish than to give them the fish. PI Training The Personal Initiative (PI) Training is an action-oriented and evidence-based training program that focuses on creating an entrepreneurial mindset and has proven to increase entrepreneurial success. Doorways is a certified provider for PI Training SOME OF OUR PI Projects View all CONTACT Get in Touch Your Name Your E-Mail Address Message I have read and agree to the terms of use . Send info@doorways-training.org +49 4134 9099726 Wiesenweg 2 21406 Barnstedt Home Doorways About Us Our Projects Success Stories Clients and Partners Contact STEP STEP Impact STEP Projects STEP Success Stories STEP Publications PI PI Impact PI Projects PI Success Stories PI Publications Blog FAQs Support Us © 2023 Doorways gGmbH. All Rights Reserved Terms of Use Imprint +49 4134 9099726 info@doorways-training.org Wiesenweg 2 21406 Barnstedt

STEP Sustainability SOUTH AFRICA CLIENT: GERMAN COMMISSION FOR UNESCO DONOR: BASF FOUNDATION ​ Description of project: STEP's overarching goal of effectively reducing youth unemployment shall contribute to the achievement of the UN Agenda 2030. To do so effectively, the project comprises the following components: Development, implementation, and evaluation of a new STEP variant (STEP Sustainability, focusing on social / sustainable entrepreneurship) at an additional partner university in South Africa; as well as mentoring and coaching project partners from previous project phases in continuing and scaling the training program. Furthermore, the institutionalization of STEP in the South African education system and the transfer of the approach to South Africa's neighboring countries shall be initiated. ​ Doorways co-founder Carina Bohlayer was responsible for the implementation of the project as a member of Leuphana University. STEP Training for Young Women PI Training for Adolescent Girls

PI Training in the Media Psychology beats business training when it comes to entrepreneurship The Economist, September 21, 2017 Documented Research Teaching personal initiative beats traditional business training in boosting small business in West Africa. Campos, F., Frese, M., Goldstein, M., Iacovone, L., Johnson, H., McKenzie, D., Mensmann, M. (2017). Science, 357, 1287-1290. Psychological training for entrepreneurs to take action: Contributing to poverty reduction in developing countries. Frese, M., Gielnik, M. M., & Mensmann, M. (2016). Current Directions in Psychological Science, 25(3), 196-202. Increasing personal initiative in small business managers or owners leads to entrepreneurial success: A theory-based controlled randomized field intervention for evidence-based management. Glaub, M., Frese, M., Fischer, S., Hoppe, M. (2014). Academy of Management Learning and Education, 13, 354-379. Further Publications on Aspects of PI Innovation is not enough: Climates for initiative and psychological safety, process innovations, and firm performance. Baer, M., & Frese, M. (2003). Journal of Organizational Behavior, 24, 45-68. Goals need implementation intentions: The model of action phases tested in the applied setting of continuing education. Brandstaetter, V., Heimbeck, D., Malzacher, J. T., & Frese, M. (2003). European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 12, 37-59. Climate for personal initiative and radical and incremental innovation in firms: A validation study. Fischer, S., Frese, M., Mertins, J. C., Hardt, J. V., Flock, T., Schauder, J., et al. (2014). Journal of Enterprising Culture, 22, 91-109. Towards a psychology of entrepreneurship: An action theory perspective. Frese, M. (2009). Foundations and Trends in Entrepreneurship, 5, 435–494. Personal Initiative (PI): A concept for work in the 21st century. Frese, M., & Fay, D. (2001). Research in Organizational Behavior, 23, 133-188. The psychology of entrepreneurship. Frese, M., & Gielnik, M.M. (2014). Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 1, 413-438. Personal initiative training for small business owners. Frese, M., Hass, L., & Friedrich, C. (2016). Journal of Business Venturing Insights, 5, 27-36. Sociodemographic factors, entrepreneurial orientation, personal initiative, and environmental problems in Uganda. Koop, S., De Reu, T., & Frese, M. (2000). In M. Frese (Ed.), Success and failure of microbusiness owners in Africa: A psychological approach (pp. 55-76). Westport, Ct.: Quorum. Business Owners’ Action Planning and Its Relationship to Business Success in Three African Countries. Frese, M., Krauss, S., Keith, N., Escher, S., Grabarkiewicz, R., Luneng, S. T., et al. (2007). Journal of Applied Psychology, 92, 1481-1498. Creativity in the opportunity identification process and the moderating effect of diverse information. Frese, M., Krauss, S., Keith, N., Escher, S., Grabarkiewicz, R., Luneng, S. T., et al. (2007). Journal of Applied Psychology, 92, 1481-1498. Antecedents of business opportunity identification and innovation: Investigating the interplay of information processing and information acquisition. Gielnik, M. M., Krämer, A.-C., Kappel, B., & Frese, M. (2014). Applied Psychology: An International Review, 63, 344-381. Action and action-regulation in entrepreneurship: Evaluating a student training for promoting entrepreneurship. Gielnik, M. M., Frese, M., Kahara-Kawuki, A., Katono, I. W., Kyejjusa, S., Munene, J., et al. (2015). Academy of Management Learning & Education, 14, 69–94. Cultural differences in planning – success relationships: A comparison of small enterprises in Ireland, West Germany, and East Germany. Rauch, A., Frese, M., & Sonnentag, S. (2000). Journal of Small Business Management, 38(4), 28-41. Unpacking the personal initiative – performance relationship: A multi-group analysis of innovation by Ugandan rural and urban entrepreneurs. Rooks, G., Sserwanga, A., & Frese, M. (2016). Applied Psychology: An International Review, 65, 99-131. PI Media and Publications Find out more about research on the PI Training and the construct of PI, and hear what others have to say about the program info@doorways-training.org +49 4134 9099726 Wiesenweg 2 21406 Barnstedt Home Doorways About Us Our Projects Success Stories Clients and Partners Contact STEP STEP Impact STEP Projects STEP Success Stories STEP Publications PI PI Impact PI Projects PI Success Stories PI Publications Blog FAQs Support Us © 2023 Doorways gGmbH. All Rights Reserved Terms of Use Imprint +49 4134 9099726 info@doorways-training.org Wiesenweg 2 21406 Barnstedt

STEP Training at Universities and for Communities NIGERIA CLIENT: INTERNATIONAL CENTRE FOR MIGRATION POLICY DEVELOPMENT (ICMPD) ​ Description of project: Two Training-of-Trainer (ToT) workshops were held at Godfrey Okoye University in Enugu. The goal was to train 15 new trainers to support the STEP Training trainer team at the university. The workshops resulted in all trainers being honored with official STEP Training trainer certification, including one trainer, who was also certified as a Master Trainer for the STEP Training. Since the program has been running at Godfrey Okoye University for more than four years, it has already had a positive impact on many students. There are also plans to bring the STEP Training to Godfrey Okoye Secondary High School and even roll it out across Nigeria in the future. Digital Content Creation STEP Training for Student Teachers

Development of STEP Training Curriculum for Student Teachers UGANDA, KENYA, TANZANIA CLIENT: GERMAN ACADEMIC EXCHANGE SERVICE (DAAD) ​ Description of project: The goal of the project was to develop a new entrepreneurship curriculum for student teachers to be rolled out at different universities in eastern Africa with a primary focus on Uganda. The curriculum was used to prepare student teachers to teach entrepreneurship at secondary schools. An international team of experts from Germany, Uganda, Kenya and Tanzania developed a curriculum based on the STEP Training and implemented and evaluated the new curriculum at partner universities in Uganda. STEP Training in Nigeria STEP Training in Lebanon

Trading Support and PI Training BURKINA FASO CLIENT: THE WORLD BANK ​ Description of project: Under the auspices of the Trade Facilitation West Africa (TFWA) program, the project aimed to improve the business skills of small-scale cross-border traders in Burkina Faso. The project was carried out as a randomized controlled trial (RCT) study to measure the impact of the Personal Initiative (PI) Training targeted to a sample of 1,671 small-scale traders. The study will also measure the impact of the PI Training together with a complementary mentoring intervention designed to help traders put the content of the PI Training into action through ongoing engagement with the trainers. ​ Doorways co-founder Benjamin Scharweit was responsible for the implementation of the project as a member of Leuphana University. PI Training in the Philippines PI Training in Zambia